Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. 2010). Humans are innately social and thrive in communication, comradery and competition with others. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. How are schools teaching morality? In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). Socializationrefers to the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. 2010). Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. And How! The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Gender Socialization. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. No Way! As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. Alberta Education explains that this. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. Recognizing that such negative peer interactions can have a profound impact on childhood socialization and later-life well-being (Canadian Council on Learning 2008), many schools have adopted strict anti-bullying policies that are incorporated into their school rules. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. You can help your child work on Social ties that students have among each other have been found to have effects on academic achievement (Broh 2002), such that positive social interactions in the school environment spill over into how well they do in their schoolwork. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Alberta Education. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. 2003. http://www.education.alberta.ca/media/645805/srhelapofs.pdf pp. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. What are some examples of streaming? These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies. What problems are being identified? For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. They were also more likely to be married. The first zone is called the core. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. School administrators argued that the girls were in violation of the school dress code and that the practice had been banned by school because the duct tape outfits had become too racy in previous years.7. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. 2010). They also tended to be popular. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. How do students learn gender at school? Sweet et al. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). What group(s) were you in? According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Want to create or adapt books like this? According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website.
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