View 2 excerpts, references methods and background, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Bruce and Pam have just started dating. If the group leader is directive and makes his opinions known, this may discourage group members from disagreeing with the leader. Research suggests that overall rates of conformity may have reduced since the time of Aschs research. Gray, S. (2004, March 30). 1. 107-123. 10 minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation and you immediately feel attracted to him/her, ex4. a. race doesnt influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect's skin color If other people show concern and get up to leave, you are likely to do the same. (b) An audience is at a rock concert where people are dancing, singing, and possibly engaging in activities like crowd surfing. d. You are sill agitated after a heated phone call with you mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her attractive in your current state of arousal, b. In Aschs study, conformity increased with the number of people in the majorityup to seven individuals. Bizarre hoaxes on restaurants trigger lawsuits. As observed by Asch (1956), the optimal number of confederates, above which conformity did not significantly increase, was. 9. Table 12.2 summarizes the types of social influence you have learned about in this chapter. Social loafing involves a reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled. 6. But other psychologists suggested that the replication was too dissimilar to Milgram's original study to draw any meaningful comparisons. Third, the obedience experiments have been widely used in various domains to create broader organizational changes in large segments of society. The participants were told to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test itemthat the shock would help them to learn. Perry believes that despite all its ethical issues and the problem of never truly being able to replicate Milgram's procedures, the study has taken on the role of what she calls a "powerful parable.". 1071-1079. \end{array} The experimenter then responded with a series of commands to prod the participant along: In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. For example, if the teacher asks whether the children would rather have extra recess, no homework, or candy, once a few children vote, the rest will comply and go with the majority. Groups include all of the following essential components except The interviewer's final impression is that Vernell is as he suspected incompetent. d. Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the in group is perceived as better than the outgroup, B. c. compliance b. Phsyically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men b. normative social influence Involves less direct pressure from others, ex3. a. roles d. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, obtaining a credible promoter and gnereating strong arguments will both be more crucial than if the change will happen in five years, B. Critics of the study have argued that many of the participants were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment, and recent findings suggest that many participants were not debriefed at all. 2009;64(1):20-27. doi:10.1037/a0014407, Haslam SA, Reicher SD, Millard K, McDonald R. Happy to have been of service: The Yale archive as a window into the engaged followership of participants in Milgrams obedience experiments. Doliski et al. Studies similar to Milgram's findings have since been conducted all over the world (Blass, 1999), with obedience rates ranging from a high of 90% in Spain and the Netherlands (Meeus & Raaijmakers, 1986) to a low of 16% among Australian women (Kilham & Mann, 1974). The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. a. false-consensus effect this indicates that Paul and each and every one of the recipients of this epistle and all church age believers received the action of being chosen out from the members of the human race by God the Father in Christ before the foundation of the world in order that they would be holy and unblemished in His sight. Asch (1955) found that 76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating the incorrect line. The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a smaller, but related, request is called ______________________________________________. 8. The professor agrees. 2012;10(11):e1001426. Another phenomenon of group conformity is groupthink. Which situation would not be predicted by social impact theory? Obedience is the change of an individuals behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure. Because the interviewer doesn't expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. In a 2012 essay published in PLoS Biology, researchers suggested that the degree to which people are willing to obey the questionable orders of an authority figure depends largely on two key factors: While it is clear that people are often far more susceptible to influence, persuasion, and obedience than they would often like to be, they are far from mindless machines just taking orders. Voting for government officials in the United States is private to reduce the pressure of conformity. When the group is highly cohesive, or has a strong sense of connection, maintaining group harmony may become more important to the group than making sound decisions. More recent work by researchers suggests that while people do tend to obey authority figures, the process is not necessarily as cut-and-dried as Milgram depicted it. On the basis of one of the 20th century's most important and controversial pieces of research, chances are that you would. B1-B2. 7. a. However, with informational social influence, people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous. 3. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group's success in finding the treasure. Dutton and Arno examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. a. complememtariness 117. Once people have accepted the right of an authority to direct our actions, Milgram argued, we relinquish responsibility to him or her and allow that person to define for us what is right or wrong. \textbf{Age Interval} & \textbf{Balance} & \textbf{Percent Uncollectible}\\ Ferrell, O. C. & Gardiner, G. (1991). Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady indicates that Identify the key factor in deciding price lines. This case is still very applicable today. c. cooperative; individualist The statistic that 65% of people obeyed orders applied only to one variation of the experiment, in which 26 out of 40 subjects obeyed. Describe procedural and substantive due process. c. Participants in the milgram studies would have been even more likely to obey had there been another participant seated at the shock panel with them c. Develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner The key difference between Gamson's (1982) obedience studies and Milgram's studies from the 1960s was that a. people conform less in the 1980s than the 1960s.b. Research by Prentice and Miller (1996) found that college students are likely to have more positive attitudes toward drinking on campus and consume more alcohol if they believe such attitudes and behavior are inconsistent with social norms. Race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual behavior Ordinary men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland. When instructed to carry out an act you find abhorrent, even by a legitimate authority, stop and ask yourself: "Is this something I would do on my own initiative?" Russell NJC. Expert testimony that obedience to authority and other social-psychological processes were extenuating circumstances, resulted in 9 of the 13 defendants' being spared the death penalty. James is equally likely to comply with the "letter" plea and the "write something" plea, Natasha convinces Joel to take her to the airport by first asking him to loan her his car for a. reciprocal concessions and perceptual contrast. Eichmanns defense that he was merely following instructions when he ordered the deaths of millions of Jews roused Milgrams interest. d. social facilitation, ex4. Conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information. d. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes, D. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers don't endorse these stereotypes, ex2. b. norms a. If you are part of a group that has been commanded to carry out immoral actions, find an ally in the group who shares your perceptions and is willing to join you in opposing the objectionable commands. 1. During the experimental sessions, the experimenters often went off-script and coerced the subjects into continuing the shocks. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Vol. Piaget described a three-stage process of moral development: 10 Stage 1: The child is more concerned with developing and mastering their motor and social skills, with no general concern about morality. The farther one moves along the continuum of increasingly destructive acts, the harder it is to extract oneself from the commanding authority's grip, because to do so is to confront the fact that the earlier acts of compliance were wrong. Given that people can self-select media outlets that are most consistent with their own political views, they are less likely to encounter opposing viewpoints. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea, ex3. 781 Words | 4 Pages. c. indirect contact method Maureen's behavior is an example of The likelihood of social loafing in student work groups increases as the size of the group increases (Shepperd & Taylor, 1999). Would you obey orders to hurt an innocent individual-even when the authority issuing them has no coercive means to enforce his or her commands? People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the. According to the evoltionary perspective, women prefer While the truth was revealed to some months or even years later, many were simply never told a thing. b. Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism, ex3. b. divided among many weak and immediate targets. fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant. An aging of the company's accounts receivable on December 31, 2016, and a historical analysis of the percentage of uncollectible accounts in each age category are as follows: AgeIntervalBalancePercentUncollectibleNotpastdue$1,250,0003/4%130dayspastdue500,00033160dayspastdue190,00056190dayspastdue60,0001591180dayspastdue36,00040Over180dayspastdue24,00080$2,060,000\begin{array}{lrc} Br J Soc Psychol. b. loafing; worse Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because The researchers made several alterations to Milgram's experiment. True Sherif's (1936) research using the autokinetic effect demonstrated that people often look to others as a source of information. 7. View 2 excerpts, cites results and background. a. 1999-2023, Rice University. Several variations of the original Milgram experiment were conducted to test the boundaries of obedience. d. is more likely to produce destructive behaviors, a. That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Sleep on the ability to concetrate c. Wealthy men becuase wealth gives them the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to deisre 3. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, d. Men who play hard to get because such men bring about psychological reactance, which can lead to the misattribution of arousal, a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success, ex4. \text{Over 180 days past due} & \underline{24,000} & 80 \\ According to Hollander's (1958) work on idiosyncrasy credits, which of the following individuals would be _most_ effective in convincing a majority to change their opinion? Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for complete against each other. Milgram's participants were in a group but Gamson . Which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study? To demonstrate this phenomenon, we review another classic social psychology experiment. a. Some textbooks on business ethics have used those experiments to warn students about the unethical demands that might be made on them by their bosses in the business world. Milgram's results showed that 65% of the participants in the study delivered the maximum shocks. The accurate and robust results obtained have shown the feasibility of the proposed EHMM for human intention learning and inference to improve the intuitive cooperative capability of the robot. Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ____ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate. When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people around us. Don't even start to comply with commands you feel even slightly uneasy about. Instead, Milgram's sessions were mainly focused on calming the subjects down before sending them on their way. How do you know when groupthink is occurring? In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. First, it provides a reference point for certain phenomena that, on the face of it, strain our understanding-thereby, making them more plausible.
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